Astronomy: Capture of the Moon

"The stars did not yet revolve in the heavens; the Danaides had not yet appeared, nor the race of Deucalion; the Arcadians alone existed, those of whom it is said that they lived before the Moon, eating acorns upon the mountains." -- Apollonios Rhodios, librarian, Argonautica, ~246 B.C.

"These were Arcadians of Evander's following, the so‑called Pre-Lunar people." -- Plutarch, historian, Moralia: The Roman Questions #76, 1st century

"The passages in Ovid as to the existence of the Arcadians before the Moon are universally known." -- Alexander Von Humboldt, naturalist, 1851

"...the pre-Hellenic Pelasgian inhabitants of Arcadia called themselves Proselenes, because they boasted that they came into the country before the Moon accompanied the Earth. Pre-Hellenic and pre-lunarian were synonymous." -- Alexander Von Humboldt, naturalist, 1851

"Capture of our Moon becomes the only option, it cannot have been created from the Earth." -- Wallace Thornhill, physicist, October 2000

Astronomy: Capture of the Moon, Time Magazine, May 1963

To the casual reader, the story may sound like a far-out effort at science fiction. But the moon tale told by Swedish Physicist Hannes Alfven amounts to much more than an imaginative voyage into the distant past; it is an ingenious effort to reconstruct a cosmic catastrophe that changed the composition of man's earth and set a new course for the moon more than 2 billion years ago.

Dr. Alfven's theory reaches back to a time when the moon was not yet a satellite of earth, when it soared around the sun like any other planet on its own independent orbit. Trouble was, its orbit took the moon near its large neighbor, the earth. In Icarus, International Journal of the Solar System, Alfven suggests that eventually the moon ventured too close and was captured by the earth's gravity.

Strange Discrepancy. That far, the theory is disarmingly simple. But astronomers can calculate the new orbit of such a recent captive, and the moon does not move along the expected path. Instead of curving along an eccentric ellipse far out into space and then close to earth again, the moon moves along a mildly deformed circle. Such a course would be explainable for a satellite that was moving in the opposite direction from the earth's rotation at the time it was captured. But the moon now revolves in the same direction, and to prove his theory correct. Dr. Alfven somehow had to account for the change.

When the moon was first captured. Dr. Alfven believes, it did indeed curve through space in the opposite direction from the earth's rotation. And, as expected of such a satellite, it drew gradually closer to the earth. Its orbit became circular. About 2.5 billion years ago, the earth-moon system passed through a violent crisis. The approaching moon exerted more and more gravitational pull on the earth's oceans. Tides miles high swept around the globe in a few hours. At last the moon reached Roche's limit,* the closest that a satellite can come to its parent body without being torn to bits by gravitational forces. When the moon passed this boundary, fragments of all sizes began flying off it. Some fell on the earth, heating its atmosphere, churning its surface, forming a halo of dust around it. Any life that existed on earth at the time was probably exterminated. So much moon matter fell on the earth that its high-speed impact changed the earth's rotation.

Buoyant Granite. When the giant meteors stopped falling, and the atmosphere cooled off, the diminished moon, having lost about half its mass, was once more just outside Roche's limit. It was now revolving in the same direction as the earth, and as a result it withdrew slowly to its present distance (240,000 miles).

To support this fast-spinning theory, Alfven points out that the earth's continents are made of comparatively light granitic rock that floats on the heavy basalt underlying the oceans. The basalt, he says, may be the original earth. But the buoyant granite of the continents has about the same density as the moon and nearly equals the moon's present mass. He suspects that it is moon-stuff that dived to earth through the fiery atmosphere 2.5 billion years ago.

* Discovered by French Mathematician Edouard Roche in 1850. For the present earth-moon system. Roche's limit is about 9,700 miles from the earth's center. The limit applies to bodies held together principally by gravitation, not to man-made satellites.