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Some Cassini scientists indicate that such volcanism could release methane from Titan's interior, which explains Titan's seemingly continuous supply of fresh methane. Without replenishment, scientists say, Titan's original atmospheric methane should have been exhausted long ago.
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12 comments:
Good work.
info:
ScienceDaily (Dec. 16, 2008) — Observations made by NASA instruments onboard an Air Force satellite have shown that the boundary between the Earth’s upper atmosphere and space has moved to extraordinarily low altitudes. These observations were made by the Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation (CINDI) instrument suite, which was launched aboard the U.S. Air Force’s Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite on April 16, 2008.
The CINDI suite, which was built under the direction Principal Investigator Rod Heelis of the University of Texas at Dallas, includes both ion and neutral sensors and makes measurements of the variations in neutral and ion densities and drifts.
CINDI and C/NOFS were designed to study disturbances in Earth’s ionosphere that can result in a disruption of navigation and communication signals. The ionosphere is a gaseous envelope of electrically charged particles that surrounds our planet and it is important because Radar, radio waves, and global positioning system signals can be disrupted by ionospheric disturbances.
CINDI’s first discovery was, however, that the ionosphere was not where it had been expected to be. During the first months of CINDI operations the transition between the ionosphere and space was found to be at about 260 miles (420 km) altitude during the nighttime, barely rising above 500 miles (800 km) during the day. These altitudes were extraordinarily low compared with the more typical values of 400 miles (640 km) during the nighttime and 600 miles (960 km) during the day.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215121601.htm
H/T WUWT
BF:
Thanks again for the story.
Let me take a speculative leap into the unknown.
The lower the ionosphere, the less protection Earth has gainst solar wind, but as a counter-vailing possible result, Earth has less protection from the icy cold of space.
So, in essence, the whole Earth becomes like a high latitude desert, the Gobi, say in North West China and Mongolia. Temperature extremes are more common in high latitude deserts.
Earth temperatures may have much more to do with electromagnetic current strength in the "larger" circuit than Man has any present understadning of, except, here, on the Oil Is Mastery website...
Sounds pretty good to me, Anaconda. The signs are that it's going to be a long cold winter ahead.
Not so surprising.
The base of the ionosphere could be one side of a plasma double layer, the other being the earth's surface, and between these two is the earth's electric field.
Reduce the electric current maintaining the DL, and the DL reduces in diameter.
This is a similar reaction to the sun's heliopause having reduced in diameter some 25% as reported by NASA etc.
All because the galactic electric currents feeding the solar system have reduced in power, hence the lack of sunspots as well.
SUPERCRITICAL WATER: WHAT ELSE REACHES A STATE OF PLASMA FLUID ON EARTH?
Science knows about supercritical water and its plasma fluid state. Plasma fluid being defined as where free electrical charges move in the medium.
"The Physics of the Plasma Universe by Anthony Peratt describes magma as a plasma, a medium containing moving charges."
The question is what else can reach a state of plasma fluid on Earth besides magma and supercritical water?
Certainly, molten iron under some unknown pressure and temperature threshold would have moving electrons, but for this discussion I would like to focus on the possibility that hydrocarbons can form a supercritical state where it acts as a plasma fluid.
What the pressure and temperature threshold for hydrocarbons reaching a supercritical state is unknown, but based on atomic weight in comparison with water it might be in a similar range.
It could be lower because the bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms are weaker than water; condensates, high gravity hydrocarbons, would be a good candidate for reaching supercritical state (Could this explain certain natural gas deposits?)
Supercritical water has tremendous penetrating qualities, likewise supercritical hydrocarbons would also have an ability to penetrate porous material.
Take the Bakken Oil deposits centered in North Dakota. This has been considered an anomalous oil deposit that covers a large area, but has limited commercial potential (at least for the oil majors) because the oil deposits are broken up by "honeycombs" of dolomite. Also, it's deposited in "sheets" coresponding to layers of rock formations.
But supercritical hydrocarbons or even simple supercritical water with hydrocarbons and dolomite in solution (supercritical water dissolves oil) could penetrate into sheets of porous rock and spreadout into the sheet then cool leaving the dolomite in a "honeycomb" structure.
Plasma fluids may be quite wide-spread in the mineral world, explaining gold veins and silver veins and other economic minerals. This might also explain the "corkscrew" mineral deposits reported. Supercritical plasma fluids and electric current go hand-in-hand.
This opens up a predictive hypothesis which can help in the location of economic minerals and hydrocarbons.
And explain the wide-spread deposit of hydrocarbons in seemingly anomolous formations.
BF,
That is very bizarre. I wonder if the atmosphere is being blown away like the atmosphere on Mars?
Q_F and Anaconda,
Thx for the kind words...=)
Louis Hissink:
I attempted to look up Vladim Anfiloff's work on earthquakes. It seems to have little presence on the internet. I'm happy to look at his work, if I know where to find it.
NIKOLA TESLA AND THE WORKWHEEL OF NATURE
Louis Hissink states: "The base of the ionosphere could be one side of a plasma double layer, the other being the earth's surface, and between these two is the earth's electric field."
Louis makes an interesting statement because he describes a flowing river of electric current between two sides of plasma double layer.
"This planet, with all its appalling immensity, is to electric currents virtually no more than a small metal ball." -- inventor, Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla's statement is in agreement with Electric Universe theory:
"Because the Earth is a small charged body moving in a large cell of plasma, explanations of all physical phenomena in, on, and near the Earth must take the electrical behavior of plasma into account." -- Electrical Journey to Center of the Earth, October 27, 2004 (thunderbolts.info)
Nikola Tesla was a great inventor, physicist and electrical engineer, his inventions of the late 19th century and early 20th century power and animate the 21st century.
But perhaps his greatest insight was his greatest failure: The Wardenclyffe Tower. Part of its design was to demonstrate the transmission of power without interconnecting wires.
Tesla stated: "But the upper strata of the air are conducting, and so, perhaps, is the medium in free space beyond the atmosphere, and these may contain an opposite charge. Then the capacity might be incomparably greater."
Compare the above quote to the following passage:
"One electrical device which serves as a model for cosmic plasma activity is the capacitor. A capacitor is a device for accumulating and storing electric charge. It is made of two conductors separated by an insulating medium. When charge is placed on one conductor it attracts charge of the opposite polarity on the other conductor. As a result, an electric field is set up between the conductors, a reservoir of electrical energy." -- Earth: A Self-repairing Capacitor, September 27, 2004 (thunderbolts.info)
Please link the article to see Wallace Thornhill's conceptional schematic of the Earth's "capacitor". There is a positive electrode, the ionosphere and a negative electrode at the Earth's surface. Between them is a magnetic field and electric current.
Now, lets review Louis Hissink's statement: "The base of the ionosphere could be one side of a plasma double layer, the other being the earth's surface, and between these two is the earth's electric field."
Pretty close match between Louis's statement and the Electric Universe theory, understandably so.
Nikola Tesla understood this principle as well, as evinced by his quoted statement above.
Mystery surrounds the Wardenclyffe Tower, also called the Tesla Tower.
"The potential difference between the Earth and this region [the ionosphere] is on the order of 400,000 volts."
Tesla may not have known the exact electrical potential, but he knew it was substantial and that if it could be tapped, substantial electric power generation could be achieved.
Tesla conducted experiments in Colorado Springs with his "Magnifying Transmitter" The main componant was what Telsa called, "self-regenerative resonant transformer."
A Tesla coil.
I have stated that electric current is a self-reinforcing feedback dynamic.
Anyway, Tesla had success in Colorado Springs in tapping into "somekind" of electrical power and blew the municipal electric generator.
What I think Tesla was able to do was create an artifical (man made) "contained current-induced toroidal magnetic field," between the Earth and the ionosphere. Tesla used the Tesla coil to open a portal or window and create an artifical Birkeland current, but once the portal was opened, the very nature of electricity Tesla was counting on: Self-reinforcing feedback, soon overwhelmed the system -- an out of control electric tornado.
Yes, a Frankenstein's Monster, including the electricity, if not the "big guy", himself.
Telsa used his coil to amplify and open an electric portal. Taking advantage of the charge differential in an analogous way to taking advantage of water backed up behind a dam. Remember, it was Telsa who created electric power generation at Niagra Falls using the potential energy of the water. Tesla was supremely confident his AC power could be transmitted to Buffalo N.Y. Tesla was right.
Question: Did Tesla every figure out how to plug in somekind of generator or harness mechanism.
Perhaps, somekind of electrical solenoid: "In engineering, the term solenoid may also refer to a variety of transducer devices that convert energy into linear motion."
At Colorado Springs, the municipal generator "burned out" likely because once this artficial "electric tornado" opened the portal, too much electricity flowed and overloaded the receiving end of the municipal generator.
The toroidal manifestation of electric currents is well established and acknowledged even by "NASA as they confirmed by observation and measurement on Mars. On Earth an interesting manifestation of this phenomenon is the electric water spout. (I always thought the idea of a water spout was cool!)
The point of these examples is to suggest electric toroidal phenomenon are natural portals or windows between the ground and the ionosphere.
Tesla thought he could induce this phenomenon in a predictable and controlled fashion.
What happened at Wardenclyffe?
Rumors swirl to this day.
Supposedly J.P. Morgan cut the funding because "you can't put a meter on it."
I think that is misleading.
Tesla was reluctant to explain the "guts" of Wardenclyffe because even though he had tested the principles at Colorado Springs, control was an iffy proposition. Again, kinda like Frankenstein's Monster.
How could you put a meter on the thing if you didn't know if you could even control the electrical energy you were tapping into.
So, Tesla was vague, and with an economic downturn Morgan got cold feet (Morgan most likely didn't have the foggiest notion how it worked -- he just knew Tesla was briliant and had "scored big" before). Morgan wanted a paying proposition, Tesla promised commercial success, but really it was a giant experiment that could have led to commercial success, but not likely in its first iteration.
Tesla likely sold a prototype as a finished commerial venture -- Morgan was not interested in "prototypes", he wanted money "out of the gate."
This disconnect (irony considering what Tesla wanted to do was "make a circuit") between what Tesla could deliver and what Morgan and his investors expected caused the doom of the project.
Too bad because had the tower been demonstrated successfully, likely, J.P Morgan and his investors would have recouped their investment and much more with a ironclad patent.
The Telsa coil and electricity's tendency to self-reinforce were what Tesla was counting on: If Man could open the portal at a time, place, and manner of his choosing, Tesla was convinced he knew how to harness it for electrical power generation.
Please link the YouYube video of a "Massive Toroidal Structure Test Render 02". What does this structure look like as it developes in the video? May I suggest a window or a portal. This window or portal could carry an electric current. In fact, it's my opinion this video provides a good conception of what Tesla was hoping to accomplish and still can be accomplished: Create an electricity carrying portal, a vertical electric field.
Tesla invented a lot of things. Imagine if Mankind could induce an artificial toroidal current of electricity at a point and (very important) intensity of his choosing and then in turn harness it.
Take a look at this YouTube video of a "Charged particle in a magnetic field". The charged particle rotates in a spiral motion up through the magnetic field just like a tornado.
Consider the Tesla coil. I submit this technology was at the heart of Tesla's attempts to induce a toroidal current.
Truly, man can "catch lightening in a bottle."
This technology if tested, perfected, and replicated on a commercial scale could produce electricity for pennies on the dollar of current electrical generating systems.
Something to think about.
By the way, perfecting it would not only provide electrical power, it would "prove" the Electric Universe theory because only if plasma Cosmology is correct will such a gadget work!
But it would be no gadget, rather it would be Man's harnessing of Nature's workwheel as Nikola Tesla envisioned and a confirmation of Man's entering the 21st century.
A Giant Breach in Earth's Magnetic Field
Dec. 16, 2008: NASA's five THEMIS spacecraft have discovered a breach in Earth's magnetic field ten times larger than anything previously thought to exist. Solar wind can flow in through the opening to "load up" the magnetosphere for powerful geomagnetic storms. But the breach itself is not the biggest surprise. Researchers are even more amazed at the strange and unexpected way it forms, overturning long-held ideas of space physics.
"At first I didn't believe it," says THEMIS project scientist David Sibeck of the Goddard Space Flight Center. "This finding fundamentally alters our understanding of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction."
The magnetosphere is a bubble of magnetism that surrounds Earth and protects us from solar wind. Exploring the bubble is a key goal of the THEMIS mission, launched in February 2007. The big discovery came on June 3, 2007, when the five probes serendipitously flew through the breach just as it was opening. Onboard sensors recorded a torrent of solar wind particles streaming into the magnetosphere, signaling an event of unexpected size and importance.
"The opening was huge—four times wider than Earth itself," says Wenhui Li, a space physicist at the University of New Hampshire who has been analyzing the data. Li's colleague Jimmy Raeder, also of New Hampshire, says "1027 particles per second were flowing into the magnetosphere—that's a 1 followed by 27 zeros. This kind of influx is an order of magnitude greater than what we thought was possible."
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/16dec_giantbreach.htm?list91627
BF:
Thanks for the link. Another piece of the galaxtic puzzle for sure.
Science@NASA, A Giant Breach in Earth's Magnetic Field, December 16, 2008
Here is a schematic that shows the "breach".
Notice in the left-hand figure, titled, "not alinged," that there is a Birkeland current quite visible, at the bottom left-hand corner of the diagram, flowing into the Earth's magnetosphere, pointed to by NASA with arrows and the legend, "denser solar wind."
From the NASA news release:
"The size of the breach took researchers by surprise. "We've seen things like this before," says Raeder, "but never on such a large scale. The entire day-side of the magnetosphere was open to the solar wind."
"To the lay person, this may sound like a quibble, but to a space physicist, it is almost seismic," says Sibeck. "When I tell my colleagues, most react with skepticism, as if I'm trying to convince them that the sun rises in the west."
Another surprise for NASA scientists.
As the news release points out, "10^27 particles per second were flowing into the magnetosphere—that's a 1 followed by 27 zeros. This kind of influx is an order of magnitude greater than what we thought was possible."
More particles for an Expanding Earth. And more evidence confirming Electric Universe theory, and more evidence that Earth receives electric energy that goes down into the ground to "fire up" supercritical water and magma and other Earth plasma fluids.
It's emerging that the "skin" of the Earth is electrified.
NASA RECORDS "EXPLOSION" OF Z-PINCH IN THE EARTH'S MAGNETOPHERE TAIL
Science@NASA, Plasma Bullets Spark Northern Lights, July, 24,2008
What is remarkable is that the above NASA news release shows a Z-pinch in the Earth's magnetophere tail.
This Picture of the Day article: Pinch Yourself!, November 06, 2006 (thunderbolts.info) -- "Simple experiments can demonstrate the principle of the “Z-pinch” that electrical theorists say is the best explanation of the hourglass shape of many bipolar nebulas."
An "hourglass" shape is representative of a Z-pinch.
Please click the link to this picture provided by NASA, of the "explosion" in the Earth's magnetic field tail.
Notice how the magnetic field lines are drawn into a "pinch" at the point of the explosion.
Could this "mini-Z-pinch" explosion in the Earth's magnetic tail be a model of other larger z-pinch explosions light years from Earth that gravitational model astrophysicists have wrongly attributed to gravity? Clearly this explosion observed by NASA has nothing to do with gravity, it's an electrical event.
Another, piece in the Electric Universe theory puzzle and a another blow to the "big bang, black hole" gravitational model.
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